npm包管理深度探索：从基础到进阶全面教程！

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发布时间：2023-02-17

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npm??

??????????npm?Node Package Manager??Node???????????????????????????????Node.js???????????????????????????????????????npm?????????

???npm?

npm??????????????????????????????JavaScript??????????npm?Node.js??????Node.js?????????????????????CLI???????????????????????????????????

npm?????

npm?????????????????????

?????npm???????????????????????????

??????npm???????????????????????????????????

?????npm???????????Semantic Versioning??????????????????????

?????npm????????????????????

npm?????

npm??????????????package.json ? package-lock.json?

package.json?????JSON??????????????????????????????npm?????????

package-lock.json???????????????????????????????????????

npm???

??npm???????????????

??????npm????????????????????

????????????npm?????????????

npm?????

npm????????

npm??Node Package Manager????Node.js????????Node.js??Ryan Dahl?2009????????JavaScript??????????JavaScript????????????Node.js???????????????????????????????????????????????????

Isaac Z. Schlueter?2010????npm?npm???????0.1.0??2010?1???????JavaScript??????????????????????npm????????Node.js?????????????

npm?????

??Node.js????npm??????????2012??npm?????????20,000????2014??????????????100,????????????????Node.js???????????npm?????????????

??????npm?????????npm???????

????????package.json???????????????

????????????????Semantic Versioning??

???????????????????

npm??????

2013??npm?????npm??????????????????????

2015??npm 3.0??????npm shrinkwrap???????????????

2016??npm??npm@next?????????????????????????????

2018??npm 6.0???????????????????????????

2020??npm 7.0????????????????Yarn????????????????

npm??????????

??2023??npm???????????????????100???????????????Node.js??????????JavaScript????????????????????????????npm???????????????????????????

npm????

???????????Node.js?JavaScript??????????????????????????npm?Node Package Manager?????????????????npm???????????????????

???????

?npm?????JavaScript?????????????????????????????npm???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??????

npm?????????????????100???????????????Web??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

?????????

npm????????????????????????????????npm???????npm???????????????????????JavaScript?????????????????????????????

???npm???????????

??????npm??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??????npm????????????????????

?????npm??package.json????????????????????????????????npm???????????????????????

???

??JavaScript?????????????????npm?????????????

?????npm?????????????????????????????????????????

????npm????????????????????????????????????

??????

npm????Node.js?????????????????????????

????/?????CI/CD??npm???CI/CD????????????????

???????npm?GitHub?GitLab?????????????????npm???????????

??????npm?????????arn?PNPM?????????????????

????

npm?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

???npm????????JavaScript?????????????????????????????????????????????????JavaScript????????????????????Node.js?JavaScript??????npm???????????????JavaScript?????????????

npm?????

????

?????npm?????????????????????????????????????????????npm?

??????

npm?Node.js???????????????Node.js????????????npm?????????

Windows

macOS

Linux

??????????????????????????????????????

??Node.js

npm?Node.js?????????????npm???????Node.js?????????????????

Windows???Node.js?????https://nodejs.org/?????????Node.js???????????????????????????Node.js?npm????????????

macOS??????Node.js??????????macOS????????????????????????

Linux??Linux???????????????Node.js?npm?????Ubuntu???????????
```
sudo apt updatesudo apt install nodejs npm
```

????????????node -v?npm -v????????????

??????

????????????????????????Node.js?npm???????????????????????

Windows???????????????????????????????????Path?????Node.js?????????????

macOS/Linux????????~/.bashrc?~/.zshrc???????????????
```
export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/bin
```

??/usr/local/bin?Node.js??????????????source ~/.bashrc?source ~/.zshrc????????

????

????????????????Node.js?npm???????

node -vnpm -v

?????????????????

??npm

npm???Node.js???????????????????npm?????????????

npm install -g npm@latest

??nvm??Node.js??

????????????????Node.js?????nvm?Node Version Manager?????????Node.js?nvm???Node.js????????????????????Node.js?

npm???

npm??Node.js????????????????Node.js??????????????npm??????????

Node.js?npm???

??????????npm?Node.js?????????Node.js??npm?????????????????????????npm???????Node.js???npm?

????????

??????????????????????????????????????

Windows?Windows 7?????

macOS?macOS 10.13 High Sierra?????

Linux????Linux????Node.js?npm

????????????????Python 2.x???Node.js????????????

??Node.js?npm

????????????Node.js?npm??????

Windows???Node.js?????https://nodejs.org/????????????Node.js??????????????????????????

macOS??????Node.js??????????macOS?Node.js??????????.pkg?????????????????

Linux??????????Linux??????????????Node.js?npm?
```
sudo apt updatesudo apt install nodejs npm
```
????????????node -v?npm -v????????????

??nvm????

????????????????Node.js?????nvm??????Node.js??????nvm??Node.js?npm????

??nvm?????????????nvm?

curl -o- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nvm-sh/nvm/v0.39.1/install.sh | bash

??nvm???nvm???????????????????Node.js???

nvm install 
     
      nvm use 
      
       nvm uninstall

??<version>???????Node.js????

??npm

????npm???????????????npm??????????????????npm????????????????????????????????????npm?????

??npm??

????????????????????npm???????????????????????????????????npm??????????

??HTTP/HTTPS??

??????????HTTP?HTTPS??????????????

npm config set proxy http://
   
    :
    
     @proxy-server:portnpm config set https-proxy http://
     
      :
      
       @proxy-server:port

?<username>, <password>, <proxy-server>, ?<port>????????????????????????

??????

???????????????npm???

export HTTP_PROXY=http://
   
    :
    
     @proxy-server:portexport HTTPS_PROXY=http://
     
      :
      
       @proxy-server:port

??????

????????????????????????

npm config delete proxynpm config delete https-proxy

???????

?????????????????????????cnpm??????????????????????????

???????

????????????????????

npm config set registry https://registry.npm.taobao.org/

????????cnpm????????????npm???

npm install -g cnpm --registry=https://registry.npm.taobao.org

????????cnpm??npm?????

???????

???????????????????????????

https://npmreg mirror.com/

https://npmmirror.com/

?????registry?????????????

???????

???????npm????????????????

npm config set registry https://registry.npmjs.org/

??????

???npm??????????????????????????????????

??????

????????????npm??????

npm set user 
   
    npm set email

?<username>?<email>?????npm???????????

??????

??????????????????????

npm config list

??npm??

npm?????????????????????????????????????????

npm config get cache --jsonnpm config set cache

?<path-to-cache-directory>????????????????

??????

npm???????????????????????

prefix????????????

loglevel????????

progress???????????

?????npm config set <key> <value>??????????

??

????????????npm????????????????npm???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????npm?

npm????

????

?????npm???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????npm??????????

npm install

npm install ????????????????????????????????npm???package.json??????????????????????

???????-g?--global????????????????????????????????

??????????-g??????????????node_modules???????????????

???package.json???--save?-S?????????package.json?dependencies??

??????????--save-dev?-D?????????package.json?devDependencies??

npm uninstall

???????????????????npm uninstall?????????node_modules?????????package.json???????

????????-g???????????

???????????-g??????????????

???package.json???--no-save??????????package.json?????

npm update

?????????????????????????npm update?????????????????

???????????????????????????

?????????????????

npm outdated

?????????????????????????npm outdated???????????????????????

npm list

npm list ? npm ls ???????????????????????????

???????????-g???????????

?????????????????????

npm init

???????????????npm init???????package.json???????????????????????????????????

???????-y?????????????????package.json?

npm run

?package.json?????????????????npm run????????????

????????????????????

??????????????start??????????????
```
npm start
```

?????

???????????????????????npm?Node Package Manager???Node.js???????????????????????????????????????????????npm???????

?????

??????npm??????????????????????

???????npm install <package-name>???????????node_modules?????????????package.json???

??????????-g??????????????node_modules???????????????

???package.json???--save????????package.json?dependencies??

??????????--save-dev????????package.json?devDependencies??

?????

???????????????????????????????????????bug?

??????????????npm update?????????????????????

????????????????????????????

?????

?????????????????????????????npm?????????

????????npm uninstall <package-name>?????node_modules?????????????package.json?

??????????????????-g??????

???package.json???--no-save??????????package.json?????

?????

????????????????????????????????????

?????????npm list?npm ls????????????????????????

?????????npm outdated????????????????????????????

????????

npm??????????????????????????

???????=???????????

???????~?^???????????

npm?????

?????????????????????????npm??????????????????????????????????????????????????npm?????????????

npm???????

npm????????Node.js???????????????package.json????scripts??????????????Node.js?????????????????????????????

????npm??

?package.json?????????????npm???

{  "scripts": {    "start": "node server.js",    "build": "webpack --mode production",    "test": "jest"  }}

??????????????????start?build ? test?????????????????

npm run startnpm run buildnpm run test

??npm??

?????npm??????????????????

npm run

?????????start?????????

npm run start

npm???????

???????npm???????????

???????????npm????????????????????????

{  "scripts": {    "start": "node server.js --port 3000"  }}

???

{  "scripts": {    "prestart": "export PORT=3000",    "start": "node server.js"  }}

?????npm?????????????????????????????????????

{  "scripts": {    "preinstall": "echo 'Running preinstall hook'",    "postinstall": "echo 'Running postinstall hook'"  }}

????npm install????preinstall??????????install??????postinstall???

?????????????????????????????????????&??????????????&&???????

npm run script1 & npm run script2

???

npm run script1 && npm run script2

????????????????????????????npm?????????????????npx?????????????
```
{  "scripts": {    "cleanup": "npx rimraf dist"  }}
```
???rimraf??????????Node.js???npx?????????rimraf??????????

??npm????

npm???????????pre?post????init?install?prepublish?publish????????????????????????????????

{  "scripts": {    "prepublish": "echo 'Running prepublish tasks...'",    "publish": "echo 'Running publish tasks...'"  }}

??????npm?????prepublish????????????publish??????

??

npm???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????npm???????????????????????

npm????

???????????????npm?????workspaces??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????npm??????????????????????????

???????

npm?????????????????????????????????????????????????package.json???????????????package-lock.json?npm-shrinkwrap.json????????????????

??npm????

???npm????????????????package.json???????workspaces??????????????????

{  "name": "my-monorepo",  "workspaces": ["packages/*"]}

???????packages/*?????????packages?????????????????????????

?????????

???????????????npm????????????node_modules???????????node_modules?????????????????????????????????????

??npm????

?????????????npm??????????

??????????????????????????????????????????package.json??????workspaces???

?????????????????????????????????
```
npm install
```
??????????package.json??????????????????node_modules??

??????????npm run???????????????????????????????????????
```
npm run script-name --workspaces
```
?????????????????????
```
npm run build --workspaces
```